Management of Natural Resources Based on the Principles of Environmental and Sustainable Insight

1. Damage to natural resources

The availability of natural resources on the surface of the earth is very diverse and its distribution is uneven. There are abundant natural resources and some are limited or very few. In fact, there is a once taken will run out. If there is no imbalance between the population and the availability of natural resources, the environment can change. Changes, as a result of human activities, the results can be good, can also be bad. Examples of environmental changes in a bad direction are environmental pollution (water, land) forest clearing and social problems. Generally the damage to natural resources is caused without calculation.      

The forms of damage to natural resources in Indonesia include the following:

a Agriculture and fisheries          

      Deforestation is one example of damage caused by shifting agriculture. Places left behind are infertile and overgrown with reeds. Further consequences, during the rainy season, there will be an intensive process of surface erosion. This can cause flooding. Meanwhile, during the dry season such places will experience water shortages. Another example is the application of fertilizer and excessive spraying of pests. The wrong method of catching fish, such as using trawlers also causes a decrease in certain types of fish in the waters. Especially when using explosives, not only large fish will die, but larvae and other small fish also die.    

                                                                           

b Technology that rapidly accelerates and makes it easier for humans to process nature (the environment). It's just that the use of technology must be appropriate and in accordance with the circumstances of an area. The use of inappropriate and inappropriate technology can make the environment worse.         

      For example: using a tractor in plowing a field. As a tool, the tractor does simplify and speed up plowing the fields. But sometimes there are other things that are included / carried, such as fuel supply, oil waste, and so on. It can damage the environment.

c Pollution          

      Pollution or pollution is the event of changing natural conditions (air, water and soil) due to the presence of new elements or an increase in a number of certain elements. This pollution can cause mild and severe disruption to the quality of the human environment.

The types of pollution are as follows:

1. Air pollution        

      Industrial waste, mining waste and motor vehicle fumes can pollute the air. The smoke from the disposal consists of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Carbon dioxide can cause stuffy weather and rising surface temperatures. Carbon monoxide can poison and kill living things. Whereas sulfur dioxide causes air to be corrosive which causes a metal rusting process.

2. Sound pollution        

      Sound pollution can arise from the noise of cars, trains, airplanes and jets. In entertainment centers there can also be sound pollution originating from a tape recorder that is playing loudly. The presence of sound pollution can result in the emergence of various diseases and disorders in humans and livestock, such as heart problems, breathing, feelings of anxiety, and nervous disorders.

3. Water pollution        

      Indiscriminate disposal of industrial remains can pollute rivers and the sea. If rivers and seas are polluted, as a result many fish and microbiologists who live in them cannot live anymore. In addition, polluted river and sea water also results in polluted water sources, making it difficult for humans to get healthy and clean drinking water. The use of detergents also pollutes water. Detergent soap is difficult to neutralize detergent. Detergent soap foam is often not filtered by soil, so water containing detergent is not good to drink.

4. Soil pollution          

- Basically the soil can experience pollution, the causes include:   

- Building goods or substances that are not dissolved in water from factories, as well     

- Disposal of chemical waste and used plastic paper from used bottles.         

In developed countries, the disposal of junk cars and unused items is also a problem. If the object is disposed of was burned, will cause air pollution, so that CO2 levels in the air are high, while fine particles in the smoke can have a bad influence. In the 20th century, CO2 levels in the world increased by 20%. An increase in the temperature of the earth's air.

d. Flood

      Flood is a pool of water, covering a wide area because the river is no longer able to accommodate it. DKI Jakarta often receives floods from Bogor city. Flooding can damage irrigation channels, bridges, highways, railroad tracks, people's homes, and agricultural areas. In addition, animals and humans have become victims or have died due to heavy flooding.

Environmental factors that cause flooding include:

1. Unplanned deforestation     

2. Garbage disposal in any place     

3. Difficult to absorb forest water in urban soil because urban land is covered with concrete and asphalt cement     

4. damage to river embankments and many shallow rivers with meandering river flows     

e. volcanic eruption

    Volcanic eruption material can also damage the surrounding environment, for example

1. Lava and hot lava damage anything that is passed     

2. Cold lava can damage agricultural areas and residential areas and other buildings     

3. Volcanic dust scattered in the air can block solar radiation and endanger air flights     

4. Water sources become dry, so that many plants die     

5. Volcanic eruptions are devastating, can cause animal and human victims     

 

 

f. earthquake

   An earthquake is a vibration or motion of the earth's crust as a result of endogenous energy. Earthquakes can be in the form of volcanic earthquakes, tectonic earthquakes, or earthquake earthquakes (ruins). Environmental damage due to earthquake, among others:

a. Roads, bridges, houses, and other buildings were damaged   

b. The surface of the earth is scattered, a lot of ground is broken, so that the telephone network is damaged and not functioning   

c. Earthquakes that occur at sea can cause large waves (tsunamis) and can jeopardize the voyage of ships and settlements in coastal areas   

g. Hurricane

    A hurricane is a wind that blows at a very strong speed. When accompanied by rain is called a storm. In America it is called a tornado, in France it is called mistral, in Japan it is called typhoon, in Florida it is called hurricane, in Australia it is called willys, in Indonesia it is called whirlwind. Environmental damage due to hurricanes include:

1. Houses that are not strong enough to carry over several kilometers.     

2. Building houses, walls and buildings have damaged roofs and some have even collapsed.     

3. Harm helicopters and air flights     

4. Destroying forest, plantation and agricultural areas     

5. Overthrow trains from the tracks and cars, all of which can threaten human lives     

6. Cause large waves so that it can sink ships     

7. If it is dry and hot (fohn) it can damage plants, in Sulawesi it is called Brubu, in deli it is called Bahorok, in Cirebon it is called beetle, in Pasuruan it is called gending, in irian jaya it is called wambrau.     

h. Dry season

   The long, hot dry season can damage the environment. Some damages include the following:

1. Many plants die so that they can threaten the lives of other living things     

2. Rivers, lakes and groundwater dry up so that it can harm agricultural areas     

3. Dry wells and water sources     

4. Dry leaves and tree trunks, which can cause forest fires.     

2. Natural Resource Management Based on Environmental Insighted Principles

management of natural resources must be careful. In principle, environmentally friendly and sustainable in order to maintain sustainability. Natural resources need to be preserved in order to support the life of living things. Some things that can be endeavored to preserve natural resources are as follows:

a. Greening and Reforestation

Greening and reforestation efforts can prevent damage to the environment related to water, soil and air. The benefits of implementing greening include the following:

1. Plants can filter and regulate water, prevent flooding, and cause springs.     

2. Plants can fertilize the soil.     

3. Plants give rise to fresh air, because plants take CO and release the O that humans need to breathe. This happens in the process of photosynthesis.     

b. swales   

      On hilly or sloping land made swales or terraces. The aim is that during the rain many waters will seep into the ground and not dissolve the surface soil.

c. Watershed Development

           Watersheds (DAS) are sensitive to damage and pollution, due to frequent erosion of soil layers by river currents. The ways to control watershed are as follows:

1. Firm actions against environmental damage according to Law No. 4 of 1982 concerning the basic provisions of environmental management.   

2. Greening and reforestation of forests around the watershed. The aim is to regulate, save water and prevent silting of rivers.   

3. Make dams and irrigation channels that are regular.   

d. Wastewater Treatment

           Sources of waste water can come from households, industries and factories. Wastewater is dangerous

1. Health. Disease seeds that can be transmitted through wastewater, for example cholera, dysentery, and typhus.   

2. Beauty. Besides the smell of unpleasant waste dregs, it also disturbs the beauty of the surrounding environment.    

3. Biotic life. Waste water interferes with the development of life because it is poisonous so that it can kill living things.   

4. Rust or Wear, wastewater containing CO gas will accelerate rust or wear objects made of iron.   

 

 

Efforts to deal with wastewater are as follows:

1. Setting industrial location so that it is far from residential areas.     

2. Industries that cause wastewater are required to install water pollution control equipment.     

3. Industrial areas are kept away from water circulation which is directly related to drinking water sources and residents.     

4. Find the source of the poisonous material and immediately carry out chemical neutralization.     

5. Prevent waste water channels from leaking.     

6. Elements which cannot be neutralized must be discarded and buried or planted in soil far from water or thrown into the sea using drums.     

d. Control of garbage disposal  

Garbage can cause problems such as disease nests, causing foul odors and disrupting the eyes.

Ways or systems of exterminating waste include the following:

1. Burned   

2. For animal feed (pigs)   

3. For biogas   

4. For fertilizer   

3. Natural Resource Management Based on the Principle of Reducing

           In taking all natural resources, do not take them all (spent), but in principle it is only to reduce the amount of spent consumed that will damage the environment and disrupt the ecosystem, thus an action on natural resources, the effect will be felt on other natural resources. Forest damage will affect the ecosystem, so that it can cause erosion, flooding, drought and so on.

4. Natural Resource Management Based on Recycling Principles

           The recycling process is the reprocessing of a time or used materials in the form of dry waste that has no economic value into a valuable item and is useful for human life. The used materials include plastic, paperboard, cardboard, zinc, iron, metal, aluminum, cans, sawdust, pieces of cloth, glass and leather.

     There are two Waste Management Systems namely formal and informal management systems

a. formal management system 

Formal management, namely collection, transportation and disposal carried out by local government officials. For example the Department of Sanitation and Parks.

b. informal management system

Informal management is the activity of encouraging the need for life of some people.

The recycling process is actually one way to save natural resources, for example in paper recycling. If we recycle paper, we have saved and reduced deforestation.

B. Efficient Efficiency of Natural Resources    

Sustainable development aims at the realization of the existence of natural resources to support human welfare. That means the priority of natural resource management is to preserve nature.

In sustainable development efforts need to be made as follows:

 

 

a. Unite the perception of the preservation or conservation of the geosphere. 

b. Stabilize the earth's population both land and sea. 

c. Continuing and securing resources. 

d. Use resources efficiently and not endanger the geosphere. 

e. Develop and apply advanced technology to support environmental management and development. 

f. Support new economic programs that have sustainable strategies in environmental management and development.

g. Making effective the implementation of biodiversity conservation regulations .   

The world of education has a strategic role in supporting, implementing and developing sustainable programs for students to be equipped as follows:

a. Science and technology related to global environmental issues and problems.   

b. Compile a unit of teaching material related to social science   

c. Take an integrated approach to learning environmental issues.   

d. Involve public support in carrying out environmental studies.  

1. Human Needs and environmental quality     

In other words it can be stated that the carrying capacity of the environment is still sufficient to meet the needs of the population.

Carrying capacity is the ability of maximum environmental support for populations of certain species in certain habitats, without affecting the habitat's productivity. Carrying capacity is not focused on the maximum population but on the maximum environmental burden that can be maintained by the environment itself.

Some factors that can affect the environment are as follows:

1. Types and amounts of each environmental element.       

2. Relationships or interactions between elements of the environment.       

3. Patterns of behavior and environmental conditions.       

4. Non-material factors for example: temperature, climate and weather.       

Various environmental disturbances that threaten attract the attention of experts. The club of Rome preformance of his research managed to find the five factors that are interrelated and develop exponentially which causes environmental damage. These five factors are population growth, increased agricultural production, industrial development, environmental pollution, and the consumption of non-renewable natural resources. If the five factors are not considered, are not managed properly, and are not immediately addressed the problems that arise, then it is estimated that in the next 2100 people will be faced with the destruction of the earth where they live.

2. Utilization of Natural Resources     

a Most of the food resources, come from cultivation plants. Carbohydrate sources are rice, corn, cassava, cassava, and cassava such as yam, wrinkle, and canna. Sources of fat are coconut, palm oil, peanuts. Sources of protein are soybeans, green beans and other types of beans. We use the vegetables as a source of vitamins and minerals.          

b Plants we also use as a source of clothing for example: cotton, residual fiber, and haramay fiber.         

c Several types of plants are used by humans as a source of essential oils, among others; cloves, lemongrass, tengkawang, eucalyptus and ylang.          

d Various types of plants are used by humans as ornamental plants that enhance human life and also enhance cultural values.         

e Various types of wood have been used as raw material for furniture such as teak which has been widely cultivated and wood from the forest, such as meranti, rasamala, rattan, bamboo and other types.          

f Various types of plants as a source of medicines which are better known as living pharmacies.          

g For industrial purposes people cultivate several types of plants widely in the form of plantations         

 

 

 

3. Utilizing Animal Natural Resources     

a Animal natural resources are also used as food sources and clothing sources.          

b In relation to cultural objects, animals are used as objects of human art and crafts.         

c Animal natural resources are also utilized in increasing the value of life and the value of human culture.          

 

4. Utilization of Natural Resources of Mining Goods   

The 1945 law article 33 paragraph 3 explains "The earth, water and natural resources contained therein are controlled by the state and used for the greatest prosperity of the people". The mining and quarrying business in Indonesia's development has the following roles;

a. Increasing state revenue because mining materials can be exported abroad.        

b. Expanding employment.       

c. Advancing the field of transportation and communication.        

d. Promote domestic industry.       

 

 

 

 

The following table presents countries of destination and export value of petroleum products:

Table 4.1

Export of Petroleum Products by Major Destination Countries 2000-2002

Country of destination	2000	2001	2002
Japan Singapore PRC Australia United States of America South Korea the other	2,162,6 2,481,2 1,625.3    354.5    200.0    330.7 1,632.3	Net weight: 000M. Ton 1,622,5 1,987,7 1,298,7    380,6    189.9    207.6 1320,8	1662,8 1635,1   276,8   320.7   110.1 1900,5 1668,0
	8786,6	0700.8	7,574,0

Source: Statistics Indonesia 2003 BPS

Mining business needs good planning because:

a. Must be in harmony with efforts to preserve the environment.   

b. Requires large capital, skilled experts and adequate technology.   

The utilization of mining natural resources is as follows:

a. Petroleum is used for home lighting, propulsion, factory machinery and for motor vehicle fuel (gasoline and diesel)   

b. Natural gas is used for household and industrial fuels.   

c. Coal is used for fueling energy and raw materials for paints, medicines, fragrances and explosives.   

d. Clay to make pottery and brick.  

e. Kaolin for making porcelain.   

f. Limestone as building adhesive, cement adhesive and for whitewashing walls.    

g. Quartz sand to make glass.   

h. Iron sand as material for making scrap metal,   

i. Marble is used for flooring and wall decoration.     

j. Agate for jewelry.     

k. Aluminum is a lightweight and strong metal that is used for the aircraft industry, automobiles, machinery, and household appliances.   

l. Tin as material for making plumbing, stained metal and telephone wire.     

m. Nickel is used as a mixture in the steel industry to be strong and rust resistant. 

n. Copper is used in cable and bronze and brass goods industry.